Preterm Birth and Congenital Malformations

Preterm birth, defined as childbirth occurring before 37 weeks of gestation, remains a significant global health concern, contributing to neonatal mortality and long-term health complications. Premature infants often face respiratory distress, feeding difficulties, infections, and developmental delays due to underdeveloped organs. Various factors contribute to preterm birth, including maternal infections, chronic conditions like hypertension and diabetes, multiple pregnancies, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and poor nutrition. Advances in neonatal care, including the use of corticosteroids for lung development, specialized neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), and surfactant therapy, have improved survival rates and outcomes for preterm infants. However, despite medical advancements, preterm birth continues to pose challenges, necessitating increased awareness, preventive strategies, and improved maternal healthcare access to reduce its prevalence and associated risks.

Congenital malformations, structural or functional abnormalities present at birth, can affect various organ systems and lead to lifelong disabilities. These birth defects may result from genetic factors, environmental influences, maternal infections, or teratogenic exposures during pregnancy. Common congenital anomalies include heart defects, neural tube defects, cleft lip and palate, and limb deformities. Early prenatal screening, genetic counseling, and medical interventions such as corrective surgeries and rehabilitation therapies play a crucial role in managing these conditions. While some congenital malformations can be prevented through maternal folic acid supplementation and proper prenatal care, others require comprehensive medical support for affected individuals. Raising public awareness, promoting early detection, and ensuring access to specialized healthcare services are vital in improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for those affected by congenital anomalies.